Dwernik
The village of Dwernik has existed in the valley of the Dwerniczek stream flowing from the meadows to the San for five centuries. Linguists derive the name of the river and the town from the Ruthenian word dweri (door), which means a place located at the mouth of the valley.
The first information about this settlement in the documents appears in 1533. The then owner of the area, Piotr Kmita, sold the princely in Dwernik to the Ternowski brothers of the Sas coat of arms. The younger of them Łukasz, who took the name Dwernicki from the new seat, settled permanently in Dwernik. The noble family Dwernickic heru Sas - Tarnawa descended from him, which gave the Republic of Poland many outstanding soldiers and citizens. General Józef Dwernicki, one of the best commanders in the history of the Polish military, came from this family.
Under the rule of these princes, the Dwernica Gourds managed the entire valley above Dwernik, as well as the right bank of the San, on which the Dwerniczek hamlet was built. In 1580, this key passed into the hands of the Stadnicki family, and then to the Lithuanian Kiszek family. In magnate estates, more distant goods were leased. It was not conducive to his good management. The owners signed a contract for several years and during this time they tried to achieve the greatest possible benefit to the detriment of the owner and the data. It also happened in the case of Dwernik. Probably for this reason many inhabitants left the village and settled, among others in Ustrzyki Górne and Wołosat.
Despite its drawbacks, such a system persisted until the end of the 18th century. Dwernik was the center of a vast range of properties belonging successively to the Stadnicki, Ossoliński, and then the Mniszechs. At the beginning of the 19th century, the village of Count Ankwicz, then Maria Countess Potocka, she also did not settle here permanently, but managed the village through tenants. One of them was Adam Koniecki, who in 1846 formed a small insurgent unit fighting against the Austrians.
In 1847, the Dwernik estate was purchased by Leopold Walter. Under his rule, tek began to develop. New manor and farm buildings were built. Together with his son Gustaw, he was one of the pioneers of the oil industry in the Bieszczady Mountains. In Dwernik, oil was mined in dug shafts, and a small refinery was also established here.
In 1895, the local property was purchased by Ludwik Baidwin Ramułt, an outstanding architect and a distinguished social activist. The new owner was very involved in the development of the property. A large steam sawmill was built on the left bank of Dwerniczka. The manor farm was also modernized, establishing, among others, a modern dairy. During World War I, the mansion, sawmill and part of the rural buildings were burnt down. In the interwar period, this damage was only partially removed.
In 1939, Dwernik was divided by the border running along the San River. The left-bank part was under German occupation, and Dwerniczek was in the Soviet zone. In 1944, the Polish-Soviet border was marked out in the same way. In May 1946, the Ukrainian population of Dwernik was deported to the USSR, and the village buildings were burnt. In 1951, Dwerniczek was re-incorporated into the Polish borders, which also resulted in the displacement of the inhabitants. A forest settlement was established in Dwernik, and the establishment of farms began in the 1960s.
Only one building (the former office of the Border Guard), located on the right bank of the San River, has survived from the former Dwernik to the present day. Other traces of the past in the former manor area show the remains of a mill where a water turbine and electricity used to work, the remains of a park and the foundations of a steam sawmill.
The foundations of the church under the invocation of Michael the Archangel built in 1785 and a village cemetery with a dozen tombstones. There are also faint traces of the post and a water mill of the Jula family lying above the temple.
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Ruskie
Between the peaks of Magura, Dwernik-Kamień and San, the area of the former Ruskie village stretches.
In the past, the buildings of the inhabitants of this settlement stretched along a narrow belt along a small stream called Ruszczyk for approx. 1 km (map no. 2). The name of the village is a testimony to the ethnic affiliation of the first settlers - Ruthenians. This way of distinguishing the nationality in the nomenclature proves that other neighboring towns were inhabited by settlers of a different nationality (presumably Wallachians - Romanian). As in the case of most of the neighboring settlements, in the 16th century the area was owned by the Kmita family, and in the following centuries by other related magnate families - in turn the Stadnicki, Ossoliński and Mniszech families.
The main problem of the former inhabitants was the relatively small area of agricultural land suitable for cultivation, mowing and grazing. The Gazdowie from Ruskie cleared forests on the outskirts of the village, thus coming into conflict with their neighbors from Zatwarnica, Chmiel and Dwernik.
In the 19th century, the village was included in the estate of J. Adl in Smolnik, and later of his three daughters. In its southern part, at the mouth of the Rusczyk stream to the San river, there was then a small manor house and a farm. There was also a water mill in the manor area. The next owners - the timber company J. & J. Kohn - sold the local property to S. Grossman in 1900. His descendants ran it here until 1939. In 1931, the village had 263 inhabitants living in 38 households. The end of its existence was the displacement of the Ukrainian population in 1946 from 48 farms at that time to the USSR. Today, there is one farm in the area of the former Ruthenian manor house.
Little remains of the old village. In the area, the remains of the foundations of the Orthodox Church are barely visible. st. Michael built in 1848. No tombstones or crosses have survived in the church cemetery. On the other hand, a small bell from the local church, which is currently located in the nearby Chmiel, has been preserved from the historical storm. Faint traces are also visible of the old manor buildings and the lower mill. On the other hand, the foundations of the upper mill and water sawmill, built at the end of the 10th century and run by the Sztyn family, are well preserved. There are also many traces of peasant buildings in the upper part of the former village. A special advantage of the Ruski Valley is its unique landscape and atmosphere.
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Skorodne
Skorodne - one of the oldest villages in Boyko in this area, belonging to the Kmita family. It was located under the Wallachian Law on the Głuchy stream, between Polana and Lutowiska. Geographically situated in the Sanocko-Turczańskie Mountains.
Initially, Skorodne covered Rosochate with its area, which later became a separate village. The records say that Skorodne was founded before 1533. It was in 1533 that Piotr Kmita transferred to Ternowski a part of Skorodny's estate as part of the settlement. It is difficult to determine what part it was, but already in 1620 the descendants of the Ternowskis - the Polański family - own the entire village.
The Polański family ruled the village until the end of the 8th century. The whole village was divided into five farms named: Szambelanówka, Konarszczyzna, Pawłówki, Kaczmarówka and Chodak. The owners of Skorodny have always been great patriots. In 1846 they set up a 20-person military unit, which ended with the Terlecki owners sentencing to prison. However, the amnesty of 1848 freed all the conspirators.
During the January Uprising, the Terleckie sisters, Sabina and Krystyna, were actively involved in the activities. They conducted collections for the insurgents, organized help for the wounded and escapees. Both sisters belonged to the "Klaudyna Potocka Association".
A geographic dictionary from the end of the 19th century mentions Skorodne as (sic!): "In the village of Liski district, in a dense valley of a stream flowing into the Czarna River (tributary of the San). ), from the south Odryt (853 mt.) Near the church in the village, elevation 526 mt. Separate groups of huts are called Szambelanówka, Konarszczyzna, Karczmarówka and Pawłówki, and the farm Chodak. The eastern border of the village is touched by the highway from Lutowiska (4.5 km) ) to Ustrzyki Dolne. The village has 109 dm. and 708 sq. m; 627 Greek Cath., 12 Roman Catholic, 7 prot. and 62 Israeli. land, 114 area of meadows, 270 area of pastoral area and 802 area of forest area, 1226 area area of land, 222 area of meadows, 706 area area and 33 area of forest. a parish in Polana, a Greek Catholic church in place, with a wooden church. It is a former Wallachian village in the Sambork economy.
After Poland regained independence and in the interwar years, a Ukrainian cooperative operated in Skorodne. In 1921, Skorodne was inhabited by 911 people in 158 houses. In 1937, oil prospecting began in the village. The search was conducted by the company "Małopolska", which had French capital. The Skorodne I well was drilled then. A year later, the Skorodne II well was created. The exploration work was carried out until the outbreak of World War II. The drilling showed a positive result and, at a depth of 701 meters, traces of natural gas were found, and at the depth of 1000 m of oil was found
In 1939, Skorodne fell under the Soviet occupation and a year later, when the Germans occupied these areas, the village was incorporated into the General Government. After the Germans left these areas in 1944, Skorodne again falls into the hands of the USSR to return to Poland in 1951. Inhabitants were relocated to the Mikołajewski District. However, settlers from the area of Krystynopol and Zabuże did not reach Skorodne. Nobody wanted to settle in Skorodny. The houses were demolished. The villages, cemeteries and churches were devastated by the state-owned farm and "Igoopol".
At present, former employees of "Igloopol" are trying to manage in Skorodno. In 1991 there were 33 people, in 2004 - 47 people, currently about 50 people in several houses